REFERENCES Qcl
1. Euromonitor, International www.euromonitor.com . 2. Reever, R.E., in Liquid Detergents, Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 67, Lai, K.Y., Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996, chap. 11. 3. Flick, E., Cosmetic and Toiletry Formulations, 2nd ed., Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1989. 4. Hunting, A.L.L., Encyclopedia of Shampoo Ingredients, Micelle Press, Cranford, NJ, 1991. 5. Barel, A.O., Paye, M., and Maibach, H.I., Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001....
ECelluloses
Modified organic thickeners can be derived from naturally occurring water-insoluble polymers such as cellulose, chitin, and starch 25,26 . The most common derivatives include carboxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, and methyl cellulose. Cationic, anionic sulfate, phosphate , and zwitterionic derivatives have also been reported in the literature. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose CMC, cellulose gum is an anionic, water-soluble polymer Figure 5.13 . It is stable in a pH range of 4 to 10 and is...
Iii Test Methods And Performance Evaluation
There are a number of laboratory tests used by formulators to evaluate the various aspects of liquid hand soap or shower gel products. These include the evaluation of physical properties and various performance attributes. To validate the design of the product, consumer tests are usually necessary. Barel et al. 5 present an extensive and detailed discussion of various test methods and performance evaluations for cosmetic products. Most of these test methods also apply to liquid hand soap and...
Hci
FIG. 12.5 Acid salts of diesteramines, used in fabric softeners. Other actives V, VI, VII, and VIII in McConnell 7 meet European environmental safety regulations Figure 12.5 . They are expected to deliver the same softness as esterquats, but they are more expensive 7 . They are used by Unilever and by Kao 7 . Puchta also mentions the amide as a valuable alternative to esterquats 8 . Amphoterics substituted aminoacids, sulphobetaines, amine oxides are less substantive and more expensive than...
REFERENCES Qpp
1. Euromonitor International www.euromonitor.com , Dishwashing Products in United States, 2003. 2. Dishwashing Liquid Habits and Practices Study, Colgate-Palmolive, November 1999. 3. Kaiser, C., in Detergent in Depth '80, Symposium Series, Soap and Detergent Association, San Francisco, 1980, p. 30. 4. Chirash, W., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 58, 362A, 1981. 5. Drozd, J.C., Chemical Times amp Trends, 7, 29, 1984. 6. Drozd, J.C., Chemical Times amp Trends, 7, 41, 1984. 7. Drozd, J.C., Chemical Times...
Tpl
Taylor amp Francis Group is the Academic Division of T amp F Informa plc. Visit the Taylor amp Francis Web site at http www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http www.crcpress.com This revised and expanded edition of Liquid Detergents covers all fundamental theories, practical applications, and manufacturing aspects of liquid detergents, from hand dishwashing liquids, liquid laundry detergents, to shampoos and conditioners. More than 30 of new material has been added, and this...
Hydrotropes
Hydrotropes are often added to an LDLD to help solubilize certain surfactants or other materials that are not easily soluble in water to ensure the stability of the formulation. The fundamental properties of hydrotropes and their hydrotropic action in liquid detergents are discussed in Chapter 2. The addition of a hydrotrope affects the formula viscosity and cloud clear points. The hydrotropes most widely used in LDLDs are sodium xylene sulfonate SXS , sodium cumene sulfonate SCS , sodium...
Organic Actives
a Cationic Surfactants. For 40 years most rinse cycle fabric softeners have been built from cationic surfactants, because of their high degree of substantivity and high exhaustion rates from dilute solution. Thousands of patents exist, covering hundreds of different molecules and of mixture compositions. Only a few of them have been of practical importance. The characteristics of each active result from the details of the molecule structure. This includes the number and length of the alkyl...
Info Lkf
FIG. 7.4 Effect of sodium xylene sulfonate on the clear point of a premium LDLD blend. From Drozd, J.C., Chemical Times amp Trends, 8, 49, 1985. Reproduced with permission. The cloud and clear points of an LDLD can be adjusted using hydrotropes 83,84 such as sodium xylene sulfonate SXS , sodium cumene sulfonate SCS , alcohols, or urea. Figure 7.4 illustrates the significant effect of SXS on the clear point of an LDLD formulation. b Viscosity. The viscosity of an LDLD is very important for its...
F Gums
Several natural biopolymers originally developed for use in the food industry, including xanthan, gum arabic, carrageenan, succinoglycan, gellan, locust bean gum, and alginates, have found use recently in the detergents industry. From a commercial point of view the most significant of these today is xanthan, a water-soluble polymer based on an anionic heteropolysaccharide, and produced by bacterial fermentation, followed by recovery of the resulting exopolymer. The organism employed during the...
Info Deg
FIG. 5.18 Flow curves of various natural polymers. Reproduced with permission from CP Kelco ApS, Copyright 2004, CP Kelco, San Diego, CA. 25 active depending upon the composition of the surfactant. Generally, xanthan gum is not recommended for use with cationic surfactants, bleach solutions, and strong reducing environments. Although encountered less frequently than xanthan, carrageenan is another of the gums sometimes used in liquid detergents. This polysaccharide is extracted from certain...
C Ionic Surfactant Water ProtonDonating Material and Hydrocarbon Quaternary
The solubility of an oil such as decane in the micellar isotropic solution L1 or in the reverse micellar isotropic solution L2 can be very important. L1 leads to w o fig. 3.8 a Typical ternary phase diagram of water, an amphiphile sodium octanoate , and a hydrocarbon octane . b Typical ternary phase diagram of water, an amphiphile sodium octanoate , and a co-amphiphile decanol . This phase diagram was established by Ekwall in 1975. fig. 3.8 a Typical ternary phase diagram of water, an...