Catalase Active Site Diagram
J. Polaina and A.P. MacCabe eds. , Industrial Enzymes, 441-459. 2007 Springer. Figure 1. The reaction scheme for the oxidation of yS-D-glucose catalysed by glucose oxidase Figure 1. The reaction scheme for the oxidation of yS-D-glucose catalysed by glucose oxidase P. purpurogenum, P. variabile, P. chrysogenum and A. fumaricus are also good candidates for industrial applications Crueger and Crueger, 1990 Petruccioli et al., 1993 Leiter et al, 2004 . The A. niger and P. amagasakiense enzymes are...
Laccase Substrates And Inhibitors
Laccase catalyses the four electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water with one-electron oxidation of reducing substrate, without producing hydrogen peroxide. Although laccases preferably act on phenolic compounds their substrate spectrum is huge, and since the range of substrates oxidized varies from one laccase to another this complicates the formulation of a precise definition of laccase activity. In addition there is overlap in substrate range with another type of copper-containing...
Enzymatic Degradation Of Xylan
Due its heterogeneity and complex nature, the complete breakdown of xylan requires the action of a large variety of hydrolytic enzymes Biely, 1985 Coughlan and Hazlewood, 1993 . These enzymes can be classified into two main groups those acting on the xylose backbone, and those cleaving the side chains. Degradation of the xylose backbone depends on xylanases, that cleave bonds within the polymer, and P-xylosidases that release xylose units from xylobiose and xylooligomers. Removal of xylan side...
Denim Finishing
Denim is a cotton fabric woven with a dyed warp and raw white weft. Traditional blue denim jeans are dyed with indigo blue, and the stone-washed finish which gives a faded or worn appearance is achieved traditionally with pumice-stones. In large measure cellulases now replace the pumice stones to achieve a washed-out or aged appearance Olson and Stanley, 1990 . This process is called biostoning and is currently the principle process used in the denim finishing industry. Approximately 1.8...
REFERENCES Xta
Aliwan, F.O., Kroon, P.A., Faulds, C.B., Pickersgill, R. and Williamson, G. 1999 Ferulic acid esteraseIII from Aspergillus niger does not exhibit lipase activity. J. Sci. Food Agric. 79, 457-459. Barbe, C. and Dubourdieu, D. 1998 Characterization and purification of a cinnamate esterase from Aspergillus niger industrial pectinase preparation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 78, 471-478. Biely, P. 1985 Microbial xylanolytic system. Trends Biotechnol. 3, 286-290. Biely, P., MacKenzie, C.R., Puls, J. and...
Basic Characteristics Of Aspartases
Aspartases from different organisms share a number of common structural characteristics. The enzymes from Pseudomonas fluorescens Takagi et al., 1986 , E. coli Takagi et al., 1985 , Bacillus sp. YM55-1 Kawata et al., 1999 and Cytophaga Kazuoka et al., 2003 are all homotetrameric enzymes with subunit molecular weights of around 50 52kDa. Amino acid sequence homologies are extensive Fig. 1 , and 45 50 identity occurs between sequences from various sources Sun and Setlow, 1991 Kawata et al., 2000...
REFERENCES Oxe
Arndt, M., Kleist, S., Miksch, G., Friehs, K., Flaschel, E., Trierweiler, J. and Hitzmann, B. 2005 . A feedforward-feedback substrate controller based on a kalman filter for a fed-batch cultivation of Escherichia coli producing phytase. Comput. Chem. Eng. 29, 1113-1120. Augspurger, N.R., Webel, D.M., Lei, X.G. and Baker, D.H. 2003 . Efficacy of an E. coli phytase expressed in yeast for releasing phytate-bound phosphorus in young chicks and pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 474-483. Berka, R.M., Rey,...
REFERENCES Uih
Alcalde, M., Bulter, T. and Arnold, F.H. 2002 Colorimetric assays for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fungal laccases. J. Biomol Screening 7, 547-553 Alcalde, M., Bulter, T., Zumarraga, M., Garcia-Arellano, H., Mencia, M., Plou, F.J. and Ballesteros, A. 2005 Screening mutant libraries of fungal laccases in the presence of organic solvents. J. Biomol. Screening. 10, 624-631. Alexandre, G. and Zhulin, I.B. 2000 Laccases are widspread in bacteria. Trends Biotechnol. 18, 41-42...
REFERENCES Xnp
Akita, M., Suzuki, A., Kobayashi., T., Ito, S. and Yamane, T. 2000 Crystallization and preliminary X-Ray analysis of High-Alkaline Pectate Lyase. Acta Crystallogr. D. 56, 749-750. Albersheim, P. 1966 Pectin lyase from fungi. Methods enzymol. 8, 628-631. Alkorta, I., Garbisu, G., Llama, M.J. and Serra, J.L. 1998 Industrial applications of pectic enzymes A review. Proc. Biochem. 33, 21-28. Anthon, G.E., Sekine, Y., Watanabe, N. and Barrett. D.M. 2002 Thermal Inactivation of Pectin Methylesterase,...
REFERENCES Aan
Alfonso, I., Astorga, C., Rebolledo, F. and Gotor, V. 1996 . Sequential biocatalytic resolution of - rans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine. Chemoenzymic synthesis of an optically active polyamine. Chem. Commun. 2471-2472. Alfonso, I. and Gotor, V. 2004 . Biocatalytic and biomimetic aminolysis reactions useful tools for selective transformations on polifunctional substrates. Chem. Soc. Rev. 33, 201-209. Badjic, J.D., Kadnikova E.N. and Kostic, N.M. 2001 . Enantioselective aminolysis of an a-chloroester...
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r ermus aquatxcus Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Clostridium butyricurn Escherichia col i Solanum tuberosum 30_CQKYWQILI J 7S_GG FIGLNB 61_GCST.WQVT, 21.j'_BMPTFV 29 7 j MPIYV 20 4 _DJ F'TYI J74J LAVGV 241 nMPTYV S9_LV IDHFRG J7J_ECRIDHFRC-2S1_1LRIDHFRG 4 4 - _ALflLl DH VMS 31 7 EFRTDHFRG 325_EIIAE gt LG 492_MVIGE DLG 364 KTl-uEi.'LC Borre1 ia burgdorferi i Borrel a garinii Aquifex aeoiicus Arabidopsis thaliana Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydophila caviae Clostridium perfriogens CorynebacLeriusa...
Fungal Aspartic Proteases
Due to the worldwide shortage of calf chymosin, fungal APs have been being used as milk-clotting enzymes in the dairy industry for about 30 years. The enzymes produced by Mucor miehei, Mucor pusillus and Cryphonectria Endothia parasitica, marketed under the trade names Rennilase , Fromase , Novoren , Marzyme , Hannilase , Marzyme and Suparen , are widely used for the production of different kinds of cheese. The proteolytic specificities of the fungal coagulants are different from those of calf...
REFERENCES Yxi
Adamsen, A., Akin, D. and Rigsby, L. 2002 Chelating agents and enzyme retting of flax. Textile Res. J. 72, 296-302. Aehle, W. ed. 2004 Enzymes in Industry. Production and Applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Akin, D., Morrison, W., Gamble, G. and Rigsby, L. 1997 Effect of retting enzymes on the structure and composition of flax cell walls. Textile Res. J. 67, 279-287. Akin, D., Foulk, J. and Dodd, R. 2002 Influence on flax fibers of components in enzyme retting formulations. Textile Res....
Use Of Acetyl Xylan Esterases And Ferulic Acid Esterases As Biosynthetic Tools
There is an increasing demand for green environmentally friendly production processes for biodegradable polymers with modified hydrophobic and rheological characteristics. Enzymatic acylation of oligo- and polysaccharides is more environmentally friendly than classical chemical synthesis. AcXE from S. commune, a member of CE family 1 catalyses acetyl group transfer to methyl P-D-xylop-yranoside and other substrates Biely et al., 2003 . This work was the first published example of reverse...
Chapter Subtilisin
Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland john.donlon nuigalway.ie Proteolytic enzymes proteases are omnipresent in nature see Rawlings et al., Chapter 10, this volume . Subtilisins are a family of serine proteases, i.e. they possess an essential serine residue at the active site. This serine residue is part of a catalytic triad of Aspartate, Histidine and Serine that is very similar to that of mammalian intestinal digestive enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin....
The Nitrilase Superfamily
On the basis of structure and sequence analyses a new family of enzymes, termed the nitrilase superfamily, was constructed Brenner, 2002 . The nitrilase superfamily consists of 13 branches but members of only one branch are known to have true nitrilase activity, whereas 8 or more branches have apparent amidase or amide condensation activities. Nitrilases are found in plants, animals and fungi, and many of these organisms have multiple nitrilase-related proteins from different branches of the...
Applications Of Xylanases
Microbial hemicellulases, especially xylanases, have important applications in industry due to their enormous potential to modify and transform the lignocellulose and cell wall materials abundant in vegetal biomass which is used in a wide variety of industrial processes. The biotechnological application of xylanases began in the 1980s in the preparation of animal feed, and later expanded to the food, textile and paper industries. Since then the biotechnological use of these enzymes has...
Acetyl Xylan Esterase
The existence of acetyl xylan esterase AcXE, EC 3.1.1.72 was first reported in fungal cultures of Schizophyllum commune Biely 1985 Biely et al., 1986 . AcXE catalyses the hydrolysis of the acetyl side groups in glucuronoxylan, which is the main component of hardwood hemicellulose. Glucuronoxylan O-acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan is composed of -1,4-linked D-xylopyranoside residues. Approximately every 10th xylose unit carries a 4-O-methylglucuronic acid side chain attached to the 2-position of...
Applications Of Subtilisin In Detergents
The largest industrial application of enzymes is in detergents. Enzymes were first introduced into detergents early in the early 1930s. Initially the use of enzymes from animal sources led to few successes, as those enzymes were not suited to prevailing washing conditions. A major breakthrough for detergent enzymes occurred in 1963 with the launch of alcalase subtilisin Carlsberg from Bacillus licheniformis Table 1 , with a low alkaline pH optimum. Enzymes incorporated into detergents must...
Deacylation
Figure 2. Enzymatic mechanism of protein hydrolysis by cysteine proteases residues in appropriate Sn and Sn' subsites Fig. 3 . On the basis of kinetic and structural data Turk et al. 1998 proposed that only five subsites are important for substrate binding. According to their proposal, the S2, S1 and S1' subsites are important for both backbone and side-chain binding, whereas the S3 and S2' pockets are crucial only for amino acid side-chain binding. A preference for those substrates containing...
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Table 2. Catalytic properties of some microbial purified a-L-rhamnosidases Absidia sp. Absidia sp. 39 Absidia sp. 90 A. aculeatus RhaA 2.8 Hesperidin, naringin, rutin, monoterpenyl-glycosides 0.30 Hesperidin, naringin, rutin 0.27 Hesperidin, naringin, rutin 2.9 Hesperidin, naringin, rutin geranyl-yS-D-ratinoside 2-phenylethyl- -D-ratinoside quercitrin, rutin, aroma precursors from grape juice a 1,2 a 1,6 a 1,2 a 1,6 a 1,2 a 1,6 a 1, 2 a 1, 6 al to aglycon n.d. Yu et al., 2002, 2004 2 Rhamnose...
Applications Of Pectinases
Industrial applications of pectinases have been reviewed by different authors Kashyap et al, 2001 Hoondal et al, 2002 Naidu and Panda, 1998a Gummadi and Panda, 2003 Gummadi and Kumar, 2005 . Pectinases from microbial and plant sources have thus received a lot of attention. From an industrial point of view, pectinases are classified into two types, acidic and alkaline pectinases. The acidic pectinases have extensive applications in extraction and clarification of both Table 2. Industrial...
Biological Functions
Different physiological roles have been suggested for laccases, including plant wounding response, the development of fruiting bodies, cell-wall reconstitution and metabolic turnover of soil humic matter. Laccases are also believed to play roles in pathogenesis fungal virulence factors , sporulation, fungal spore pigmentation and fungal morphogenesis in general. One of the most controversial and more studied biological functions of laccases is related to the process of lignification of plant...
Bioengineering Of Subtilisins
Subtilisin has also become a paradigm for protein engineering studies. Protein engineering of subtilisin commenced in the 1960s, with a view to understanding their catalytic properties and stabilities earlier studies comprehensively reviewed by Bryan, 2000 . Since the advent of gene cloning in the early 1980s there have been many impressive studies involving genetic manipulation of subtilisins. For example, by directed evolution, subtilisin E from Bacillus subtilis was converted into an enzyme...
Plant Aspartic Proteases
Similarly to other aspartic proteases, plant APs are synthesized as single-chain zymogens. Subsequent maturation is a crucial step in the regulation of their activity. The primary structure of plant APs comprises a signal peptide, responsible for translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum a prosegment of 46-50 amino acids involved in correct folding, stability and sorting of the enzyme Simoes and Faro, 2004 and the mature enzyme which possesses two catalytic sequence motifs Fig. 3 . In contrast...
Synthesis Of Oligosaccharides By Transglycosidases
Transglycosidases are ideal biocatalysts for oligosaccharide synthesis in vitro since they do not require specially activated substrates but directly employ the free energy of cleavage of disaccharides e.g. sucrose or polysaccharides e.g. starch Plou et al., 2002 . Transglycosidases present the same mechanism as retaining glycosidases Fig. 2 , resulting in the net retention of the anomeric configuration. Although the normal function of transglycosidases is the transfer of glycosyl residues,...
Purification And Immobilization
Progress in the practical application of proteins in industry is usually limited by their production levels and purification processes. Overproduction of microbial HYDs in E. coli is prone to the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. To solve this problem, a systematic study was undertaken to investigate the possible factors affecting the solubility of HYD from Agrobacterium radiobacter NRRL B11291 HYDar Chao et al., 2000 . It was found that an active form of HYDar was produced at low...
Industrial Biocatalysts
The use of enzymes as industrial biocatalysts to remove lignin-derived compounds responsible for the dark colour of paper pulps was introduced several years ago to substitute chlorine-containing bleaching reagents that cause negative environmental impact Viikari et al., 1994 Bajpai, 2004 . The first enzymes used in the bleach plant were hemicellulose-degrading xylanases see Chapter 5 of section A since the positive effects of xylanases in pulp bleaching were first shown Kantelinen et al., 1990...
Biofinishing
Cellulases can also be exploited in fabric and garment finishing to produce higher value products. Cellulase treatment for finishing of cellulose-containing textile materials such as cotton, linen, hemp, lyocell, rayon and viscose materials is called biofinishing or biopolishing Videbaek and Andersen, 1993 . The most important parameters affecting successful biofinishing are the type of cellulases present in the enzyme preparation, the type of fibre being processed and the machinery used. In...
Esterification And Transesterification Processes
Enzymatic transesterification processes are more widely used than esterification reactions in resolution or desymmetrization processes, and the acylation of alcohols using lipases is currently the most frequently used process in biocatalysis Faber, 2004 . Whilst several agents can be employed, the most efficient are vinyl esters, especially vinyl acetate which in many cases is used as both solvent and acyl donor. There are many examples of the resolution of primary and secondary alcohols....